What is the function of a setpoint in control systems?

The setpoint in control systems serves as a reference point that indicates the desired value for a process variable. It is the target that the control system aims to achieve and maintain through regulation. For example, in a temperature control system, if the setpoint is set to 70°F, the system will continuously adjust the heating or cooling mechanisms to reach and maintain that precise temperature.

By indicating the desired value, the setpoint plays a critical role in determining how the control system responds to deviations from this target. When the actual process variable diverges from the setpoint, the control system analyzes the difference, also known as the error, and makes necessary adjustments to minimize this deviation, thereby maintaining optimal process conditions. This foundational concept is vital for understanding how control systems work effectively in various industrial applications.