What does an increase in the proportional gain of a PID controller typically result in?

An increase in the proportional gain of a PID controller affects the system's response characteristics significantly. As the proportional gain is raised, the immediate effect is that the controller becomes more aggressive in correcting any deviation from the setpoint. This typically results in a faster initial response time because the controller applies a stronger correction to any error that arises. However, enhancing the proportional gain also introduces a potential for increased oscillation around the setpoint.

When the gain is high, the controller reacts rapidly to error changes, but this can overshoot the desired setpoint. The result is that the system may oscillate, and the controller could struggle to reach or maintain the setpoint without continuously overshooting. Therefore, while the initial response may become quicker, the overall system stability could be compromised, leading to oscillatory behavior.

This understanding highlights that increasing the proportional gain can indeed lead to an increased risk of oscillation in output, making this the correct choice for the observed effect of increasing proportional gain in a PID controller.